Twitter has changed the way information and data are circulated among a lot of users. Most of them are spreading through the societies, because certain thoughts and ideas are going to be imposed. Authorities have found this great powerful tool can successfully make common people make decisions as they wish to do. It seems that more than 500 million tweets are sent daily from 320 million active users across the world and it increases everyday (Twitter. com). This unbelievable number of tweets can create new groups and shape new ideologies among active users. A widespread stream of quickly communicated suppositions and thoughts might lead to uncontrollable event and supervise the life style of millions of people around the world. It might also interfere with political affairs and drastic changes happen due to intentional spread of thoughts putting policy makers in severe troubles. Amazingly, journalists make use of this tool as a monitoring system to find private and fascinating news about celebrities and famous sportsmen and women. They want to feed their media enough firsthand information to attract a lot of readers and users. They want to sell more, if they can have direct access to popular figures’ twitter page, their missions are completely done; that is why tweeter is important to them. The present study aims to study and analyze some of the issues raised by critical discourse analytical approach to the study of speeches, e. g. tweets. Since social networks have given a lot of opportunities to people put forward, acquire, express and reproduce their views, thoughts, ideologies and even their own daily routine activities largely by text or talk, a discourse analytical study of these language interactions seem to be necessary and most releVant. The more people become familiar with social media, the less they are vulnerable to be misled by indecent authorities. As present societies are now experiencing different ways for language interactions, the role and the influence of social networks, e. g. Twitter, are undeniable and need to be analyzed. The study of tweets has made the linguists believe that twitting is a kind of social action and leads to processing social issues and if tweet lexicons are chosen appropriately, they can have big effecton followers’ decisions and cause shapingideological groups. Houston and colleagues (2015) firmly believe that tweets can form social actions and guide the societies towards certain directions. The discourse analysis of tweets will reveal the type of interactions that twitter users have. It can also represent the way in which knowledge and power are produced. In other words, speech order, discourse and discourse analysis are to be seen as social productions that have changing and dynamic forces. They can have influences over social values and interactions, whether positive or negative (Ziahosseiny, 2012, p. 97). Of course, this kind of discourse analysis has to be certainly social-critical, because it has to find the roots of social problems (Ziahosseiny, 2012, p. 98). That is why we have made use of critical discourse analysis to clarify the ways by which realities are represented in social networks. Although, in this paper, the main attention has been given to the discourse analysis, its theoretical structure is based on different disciplines, especially on Van Dijk triangulation of discourse, cognition and society; they are necessary for analyzing sociolinguistics phenomena. Social sciences and philosophy have made the best use of this framework and they can critically explain social actions. These can also play an important role in reshaping the traditional approaches to social events as those approaches cannot fully and adequately elaborate on the sociocognitive nature and structures of ideologies and their discursive reproduction. In the present study, Trump’ s tweets are analyzed based on the aforementioned considerations related to Van Dijk model. To do that, 400 of Trump’ s tweets from his twitter page, between January and March 2018, were studied. Then, based on linguistic signs and strategies put forward by Van Dijk (2003 & 2006), the tweets were analyzed carefully. Those linguistic signs and strategies are: classification, polarization, generalization, distancing, implications, hyperbole, counterfactual, contrast, lexicalization, evidentiality, comparison, fallacy and euphemism. The findings show that Trump uses these strategies to create his own ideology. They also demonstrate that Trump makes use of hyperbole instead of logical reasoning. The data indirectly prove that tweeter followers are constantly exposed to new ideologies; also, the dialogues have their own prompt influences on societies, make new social theories, play basic roles in people’ s life style and create new ideologies in groups.

Iran-Japan Competition in Asian Nations Cup 2019. This match was selected for analysis due to the large number of television viewers, being in a particular time, the repeated failures in previous periods and the acceptable performance in the matches of this era. But the match ended with a 3-0 defeat for Iran.  The question was what strategies broadcasters used to report this event? And how did these strategies change after changing the outcome of the game?Methods: This qualitative research was done with discourse analysis method. Analyzes were performed by using Van Dijk’s theoretical model (2004) in the framework of critical discourse analysis considering macro and micro levelsResults: Analysis according to macro level of Van Dijk square represented that Emphasizing on the positive point about “self”. (representing Us positively (has the highest frequency among other properties. The frequency of macro and micro levels strategies also changes with the outcome of the game. Reporter also used micro strategies of “lexicalization”, “victimization” and “dramatization” and “consensus” in order to manage the minds of the audience.  Conclusion: The ambition of the national TV has been to keep motivation and to overcome feeling failure and hopelessness and after an undesirable outcome, tries to modify and justify the situation.

As two political and religious poles in the Middle East, Iran and Saudi Arabia are considered always the traditional competitors in expansion and stability of the regional power. The relationship between these two countries has faced ups and downs in different eras due to the different reasons. Their relationships are sometimes based on cooperation policy, sometimes competition and conflict and sometimes like recent years (since the beginning of the Syria crisis) based on direct argument between the authorities of both states, stopped relations and proxy conflicts in third countries. Recognizing the discourse strategies of Saudi Arabia press which play a significant and inspiring role for the press of other Arabian countries can be a way to predict the political and discourse-based behavior of Saudi Arabia as a contradictory discourse against Iran. With regards to its antiquity, professional team and simultaneous publishing in several points across the world, Saudi Arabia Al-Hayat newspaper is from among the most influencing media of this country in managing the media war against Iran. Most often, something is published against Iran by the analysts of this newspaper in each volume which is taken into account as a role model for other Arabian newspapers in terms of representation modes. In this study, 30 articles were selected to be reviewed and investigated so that the method of using the language strategies in the governing discourse is discussed. The present query answers this question: how is the ideology governing the author’ s mind reflected within the framework of discourse-based structures in the text and what are its language representations? The importance of the afore-mentioned question is that by achieving the answer, the gap existing in linguistic studies about the Arabic press is filled and explaining and elaborating the discourse strategies of this newspaper paves the way for more studies in the field of communications sciences for scholars and researchers. The methodology used in this study is the discourse analysis based on the model presented by Teun Adrianus Van Dijk (2008). To analyze the text, Van Dijk has suggested two micro and macro levels each of which has its own special components. The macro level of text is, in fact, the abstract level by which the relationships between social actors and groups, institutes and organizations are described and analyzed within a society by incorporating the meta-language concepts including ideology, policy, power and dominance in discourse. The multilevel model of Van Dijk allows the scholar to study his or her considered level without any interference with others. In other words, the capability to separate the strategies in six levels is another privilege which has driven the scholars toward choosing this model. Therefore, 30 selected articles were studied on the basis of Van Dijk model so that the discourse strategies of authors of Al-Hayat newspaper are determined at the level of meaning. Evaluating the findings of this study indicates the ideological performance of Al-Hayat newspaper authors in how to apply the text strategies to present the Iran issues. In accordance with Van Dijk viewpoint, emphasizing and strengthening the positive performance of insider group, i. e., Saudi Arabia and negative representation of outsider group, i. e., Iran, in Al-Hayat newspaper, has been put in the authors’ agenda as the macro-strategies of text. Many assumptions published within the news of this newspaper against Iran have generally introduced Iran as the threat for the security of region and on the contrary, Saudi Arabia as the country which tries to solve the problems and restore the security to the conflicted regions including Syria and Iraq. High rates of distancing and polarization indicate the strong tendency of authors for creating and emphasizing the confrontation of both countries in various issues. Most linguistic representations of discourse-based semantic structures in Al-Hayat newspaper are related to those strategies which clearly represent the positive role of insider and negative role of outsider and the authors do not show a high inclination to use the language structures like implication. Therefore, this viewpoint of function-oriented linguistics can confirm that language form, structure and arrangement are at the service of the role undertaken by them. In all 30 articles investigated in the present study, the ideology governing the authors’ minds has directly affected how to apply the text strategies. As Van Dijk, in his ideological square mentioned, it is the macro-level of text that determines which subject matters of six micro levels are used by the author/speaker and with what quality.

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is one of the new approaches to discourse analysis based on which metalanguage factors such as power, history and ideology are examined. This approach was formed in the second half of the twentieth century by some linguist scholars. Tune Van Dijk is one of the prominent pioneers who studies in this field. In his opinion, ideology can be represented through strategies called ideological square and based on bilateral contrasts between in group and out group. The discourse of Imam Ali (AS) in his letters to Mu'awiyah has a feature that can be scrutinized by this approach and via descriptive- analytical method. This research is crucial because it explains the audience the ideology of two opposing thoughts during the history of Islam through CDA.The findings indicate that the ideology of Imam Ali and Muawiyah has led to polarization between two groups, i.e. the contrast between "us" and "them". In explaining the differences between the two groups in identity, members and actions, the status of the ingroup (us) has been raised and the status of the outgroup (them) has been degraded. In addition, the nobility of ancestors, purity, believe in God, relation with goods and courage as the most important positive points of "us" and hypocrisy, disbelief, relation with evils and following the devil as the most important negative points of "them" are represented in Imam's discourse. Furthermore, it seems that "true belief in the religion of Islam" versus "deviation from the religion of Islam" are ideologies that can be achieved as a result of the contrast between Ali and Mu'awiyah.Among three mentioned approaches, critical discourse analysis (CDA) analyzes meta-language factors such as power, history and ideology. This approach was formed in the second half of the 20th century by the efforts of some linguistic scholars and theorists. Teun Van Dijk is one of the prominent pioneers of study and research in CDA. According to him, ideology in the discourse can be represented through strategies called ideological square, which is based on bilateral contrasts between in group and out group. Imam Ali’s letters to Muawiyah can be analyzed by a descriptive-analytical method based on Van Dijk’s ideological square as his discourse aligns with this approach.This research is crucial because the ideology of two opposing thoughts during the history of Islam is elaborated to the audience through CDA. The findings indicate that the ideology of Imam Ali and Muawiyah has led to polarization between two groups, i.e. the contrast between "us" and "them". In explaining the differences between the two groups in identity, members and actions, the status of the ingroup (us) has been raised and the status of the outgroup (them) has been degraded. In addition, the nobility of ancestors, purity, believe in God, relation with goods and courage as the most important positive points of "us" and hypocrisy, disbelief, relation with evils and following the devil as the most important negative points of "them" are represented in Imam's discourse. Furthermore, it seems that "true belief in the religion of Islam" versus "deviation from the religion of Islam" are ideologies that can be achieved as a result of the contrast between Ali and Mu'awiyah.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the implicit meaning making of the “self” and “other” in the upper secondary textbooks through Van Dijk discourse analysis. This study was a qualitative research based on discourse analysis with research population of all upper secondary textbooks (Humanities Branch). In this study purposeful sampling method was used. The method of data collection and analysis were documentary through the review of primary (seven textbooks) and secondary sources as well as review of words, text, and paragraphs, respectively. The findings reveal that the authors of selected textbooks, being aware of the ways of reproducing power in discourse, have highlighted self-positive identity and other negative aspects through the use of implicit meaning making strategy. According to the findings, it is suggested that curriculum planners and authors make a fundamental change in the content of textbooks through a better and deeper introduction of modern concepts related to the culture and civilization of Islam and Iran (self-positivity) instead of extreme emphasis on negative aspects of other cultures.

Assessing different discourse levels provides new perception and shows the interaction between language and ideological structures. Since discourses causing ideology hegemony are considered as the determining factors in reproducing national identity, national anthem of each company is assumed to have an important role in recognizing it. Van Dijk, who considers ideology as a basis for common social representation, has provided a model for critical discourse analysis that can be a proper framework for investigating identity reproduction in each country’ s national anthem. The present study aimed to discover discourse strategies of Arabic countries’ national anthems, located at LeVant area (Iraq, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon), which leads to presenting national identity in language. Therefore, a descriptive-analysis method and Van Dijk’ s model were used to collect and analyze the discourses. The results indicated that foregrounding positives points and backgrounding negative points form 78% of the mentioned anthems discourse system. Furthermore, meaning and propositional structures are the most prominent levels of discourse in the anthems.

According to the important role of linguistic factors in reproducing social power and controlling the mind of the subjects by redistribution of ideologies, discovering the underlying levels of surface aspects related to the structural organization of the discourse can lead to the appearance of a new insight in this field. Knowing language through its discourse is an appropriate instrument for a realistic analysis of a group’ s minds and ideologies. To succeed in all his discourses and to conquer the opposite, Man not only tries to hide his ideologies behind the words and linguistic elements, but also he makes his words ideological to satisfy the audiences. According to VanDijk theory "Discourse-knowledge-Society" (2006), each human being, in order to reach the goal of persuasion of the audience, tries to magnify and emphasize on his own positive actions and minimize the opposing party's good attributes. And parallel to this efforts, he tries to mitigate negative qualities of himself and the other party's positive features. Strategies used to this end can be strategies such as actor description, categorization, comparison, euphemism, disclaimers, evidenltiality, example/illustration, generalization, number game, hyperbole, irony, populism, norm expression, national self-glorification, negative other representation, metaphor, implication, presupposition, lexicalization, victimization, vagueness, positive self-presentation, polarization/ us – them categorization, burden, and authority. To achieve these four goals (magnifying his own positive actions and opposing party's negative attributes. mitigating negative qualities of himself and the positive features of the other party) which mentioned in ideological square VanDijk (2006). Every human uses several linguistic strategies. Whit these linguistic strategies they enforce their message in order to convey the audience. Strategies that are used to reach above mentioned four goals can be strategies as: Actor description, Categorization, Comparison, Euphemism, Disclaimers, Evidenltiality, Example/Illustration, Generalization, Number game, Hyperbole, Irony, Populism, Norm expression, National self-glorification, Negative other representation, Metaphor, Implication, presupposition, Lexicalization, Victimization, Vagueness, Positive self-presentation, Polarization/ Us – them categorization, Burden and Authority. This research aims to analyze divorce demanding woman’ s discourse in family court rooms based on VanDijk’ s discourse-knowledge-society theory (2006). To do this, we attended 20 meetings of the General Court and family counseling centers of Zahedan-Iran and recorded the divorce demanding women’ s statements. With regards to the prohibition of the use of audio and video equipment or any kind of electronic devices in the court, only a written record of women's statements has been collected. This research studies the ways women employ to speak ideologically and to satisfy the judge to reach their goals. For this study, divorce demanding women's discourse were studied at the level of the word, local semantics, general semantics, syntax, and ultimately the level of rhetoric. In the study of the level of syntax, the following sections have been considered, negative constructs and emphasized structures. The results show that in order to convince the judge in the court, women like other human beings try to use all linguistic strategies such as syntactic¸ semantic¸ rhetoric and lexical to magnify their own accepted attributes and to mitigate their husbands and their relatives’ bad attributes. In this way their highest effort is to magnify their husbands’ bad and negative actions. They rarely speak about their own negative and bad behaviors¸ as well as their husbands’ positive actions. This is the way that women have chosen to express themselves and to convince the audience, so that the judge will vote in favor of this persuasion.

Analysis of critical speech as a new approach of speech analysis is a significant method in detecting the speech-based cosmology. Neon Van Dupek, one of the prominent theorists of critical speech analysis, emphasizing on this fact that speech-based cosmology (ideology) which has the capability to reflection in the language presents the quadrate theory of ideology. The term "ideology quadrate" composed of four sides emphasizing on our positive characteristics, negative features, paling our negative characteristics and other positive characteristics, makes clear the opposite characteristics of speech and justifies the polarization in the societies. Through descriptive-analytical method, in the present paper, it has been tried to study and analyze the conversation between Moses and Pharaoh which is a representation of Quran's data in order to detect the ideology reflection of conversation parties in the internal and external texture of text and deeply recognize the text layer as well as test the testability of this theory in Quran. The results of this study imply that the discourse of Pharaoh tries to distort the other-Moses-through applying various language forms. It is in contrast to Moses who presents a discourse based on my enhancement.

Ideology is the essential belief of a group with special political, social and religious opinions. This study follows Van Dijk’ s discourse analysis approach which introduces the distancing strategy to explain the ways in which writers promote the positive characteristics of “ us” by marginalizing the positive characteristics of “ them” . Historical accounts in educational textbooks are, likewise, a place for the representation of such ideological constructs which are hidden in the accounts and narratives of the realities of the past. The present paper studies Persian and translated history textbooks (on the Samanid, Ghaznavid, Saljuqid, and Qarakhanid periods) in which the gender differences between men as “ us” and women as “ them” can be detected. The findings of the paper indicate that, firstly, both Iranian and foreign authors have mentioned few names of or roles for women, and, secondly, both groups of writers only emphasize the role of women in connection to marriage, and, thus, ignore the important part women played in Iranian history. This biased representation of women in history textbooks, which, ultimately, favours men, affects the students’ perception of gender roles.

Language as a social phenomenon is a reflection of thoughts and ideologies of actors and speakers. It contains the beliefs, worldviews, beliefs, and thoughts of its speakers. It constantly reflects immortalized and encrypted ideologies. Each speaker, from his own point of view, ascribes to the world, its phenomena and realities, and looks from the angle of his own view to represent those realities. Ideologies are hidden within language and subtly submerged in social structures and become social conventions. Divorce demanding women, as social activists in the family courts, use a variety of linguistic strategies and tools in order to persuade and ideologically inspire their audience in the courts. To probe into the way divorce demanding women use negative constructs for ideological expression of their desires and persuading the judge, the present study explored negative constructs in divorce demanding women’ s discourse in family courts based on Van Dijk’ s (2006) theory of society-Knowledge and discourse. A total of 60 meetings were attended in the counseling center of families of the Public and Revolutionary Tribunal of Zahedan and divorce demanding women’ s remarks were collected. The findings of the study showed that the participants used negative construction in order to magnify their positive points and reduce negative points of themselves.